Fig. 5. Atp6-CSTC stabilizes ATP synthase dimers in the Tim11∆ cells but not through disulfide bond between a subunits. The steady-state ATP synthase complexes were extracted from 200 µg of mitochondria untreated (the left panel) or pretreated with 2 mM Cu²⁺ (the right panel), subjected to BN-PAGE and Western blotting with anti-Atp2 antibody. Dimeric (V₂) and monomeric (V₁) F₁F_O complexes and free F₁ were detected by Western blotting with the indicated antibodies. Representative gels are shown.